Language and National Identity-Long Qs-Ans- English Exam- B. A. I Semes...

Know Then Thyself –Alexander Pope-Questions-Answers

Know Then Thyself –Alexander Pope

 

 Q1. What is a paradox? Find two instances of paradox in the poem.

Ans. A paradox is a statement having two opposite ideas placed together. The statement seems very strange but it gives a deeper meaning. For example, man has been called ‘darkly wise’ and ‘rudely great’;

 Q2. How is a man stuck between an angel and an animal?

Ans. The poet says that man has been placed in a middle state on this earth. He is neither an angel nor is he an animal. He possesses both, divine and animal instincts. Sometimes he behaves like an angel showing kindness, sympathy, and compassion to others. But sometimes he is full of cruelty. He behaves like a wild animal.

Q3. How is it that man cannot be stoic?

Ans. A stoic is a person who is not disturbed by any type of emotion. He bears all pains silently but never complains about it. He remains silent in both joys and sorrows. But Pope says that a human being cannot be a stoic. He starts crying and complaining if a tragedy happens in his life. He cannot remain calm in odd situations. He starts jumping if he gets the slightest joy in life..

Q4.How is man a confused being?

Ans. The poet says that Man is many a time troubled by his tendency of indecision. He is always in doubt about whether to act or not to act or not to do an action. Sometimes he may think of himself as a god and while at other times, he behaves like a beast. He doubts his own thoughts and then he acts under the pressure of his emotions. Sometimes he is guided by his mind (i.e. opinions) while other times by his body (i.e. emotions). Thus man is a confused being.

Q5. What are the doubts that trouble man?

Ans. Man is always troubled by his own doubts. Sometimes he starts believing that he is the wisest being on earth. But another time, he doubts his own decisions. He is unable to make a balance between his thoughts and emotions. He is always in doubt to act or not act.

Q6. Explain: ‘The glory, jest and the riddle of the world’.

Ans. Man is a glorious creature on earth. He commits so many errors while passing his judgments on others. Many a time, he does not pass fair judgment as he may be under the influence of his personal motives. But sometimes he commits funny acts. Thus he is the riddle that cannot be solved. He is always unpredictable.

Q7. What is the rhyme scheme used in the poem?

Ans. The poet has used a heroic couplet in this poem. In this poetic form, two lines rhyme together. There is a total of nine couplets in this poem. But each couplet has a different rhyming scheme. See the following couplet:

‘Know then thyself, presume not God to scan;

 The proper study of mankind is the man.’

In the above couplet, the lines ending with the words ‘scan’ and ‘man’ rhyme.

B. Long Answer-type Questions

Q1. ‘Man is a confused being,” says Pope. Where, according to Pope, does the root of man’s confusion lie? CDLU 2015  Or Where, according to Pope, does the root of man’s confusion lie? (MDU 2018)

Ans.  Alexander Pope, in the very beginning states the root cause of Man’s confusion. He always tries to scrutinise the outside world. He tires to study and unravel (disclose) the ways of God. He tries to pass his judgments on others. He thinks himself superior to other creatures on this earth. That is why he considers himself the boss on this planet earth. He behaves like a wise person, but still, his mind is a bundle of contradictions. His judgments are not always fair. Sometimes he is influenced by his own selfish motives or ignorance. He is also unable to differentiate between his thoughts and emotions. He is many times unreasonable in his behavior. In his pride, he thinks himself a god, but another time, he suffers the pangs (pains) of emotions. He boasts of being a stoic. But his emotions are not under his control.

 He is full of doubts. One time he is full of confidence, but another time, he shows doubts on his own decisions. Sometimes he behaves like a god, but other times he stoops (lowers) to the level of a beast.

 

Q2. What is Pope’s concept of Man? Or What is Pope’s view about man, that is created in the poem ‘Know Then Thyself’.

Ans. The poet says that man has been placed in a middle state on this earth. He possesses both, divine and animal instincts.

He is a being (living form) that is wise but still ignorant of God and Universe. He is great but in his pride he behaves rudely with others. It is because he loses his self control very easily.

He has too much knowledge but still he is skeptic (disbeliever, doubtful) of his potential (power). He may take pride in achieving a stoic’s position, but still, he is full of weaknesses.

He is always in doubt to act or not to act; to do or not to do an action. Sometimes he may think himself a god and while at another time, he behaves like a beast. He doubts his own thoughts and then he acts under the pressure of his emotions. Sometimes he is guided by his mind (i.e. thoughts) while another time by his body (i.e. emotions)

He is habitual of using his reasoning power but in that process he is prone to commit mistakes.

He is unable to know whether is being guided by his thoughts or emotions. As he tries to reach a conclusion, then another idea, maybe guided by reasoning or his passion, contradicts the previous one. In this manner, man remains in a confused situation. He is, thus, abused by his own thoughts and emotions

Many a time, he does not pass fair judgment as he may be under the influence of his personal motives. The ultimate fate of Man is that he has to die. He is not an immortal being. Thus he is the riddles that cannot be solved. He is always unpredictable.

 

Kanthapura Representative of Indian Villages

  Kanthapura Representative of Indian Villages

Kanthapura is Raja Rao’s first novel written in English. In many ways, the novel is known for its merits.

The novelist chooses an imaginary village ‘Kanthapura’, situated on the slopes of the Western Ghat facing the Arabian Seas. Raja Rao did not select any city for the centre of action of the novel. Rather he picked a sleeping village ‘Kanthapura’. He knew it well that most of India lived in villages in that pre-independent period. He made this village alive with the best characterisation and narrative style adopted by him.

This novel can be read and understood at different angles and levels of its merits. In addition, it can be read and understood as the novel of the village Kanthapura that represents any Indian village of its times.

We find Kanthapura a microcosm of Indian villages.

In the very opening chapter, we have a very minute detail of its surroundings and also we have a glimpse of the whole village divided into quarters. The roads reaching this imaginary village are dusty and zigzag. The main cash crops of this area are coffee and cardamom, which are exported to England.

The society of Indian villages was caste-ridden in those days. Several other evils like child marriages, untouchability, maltreatment given to widows, gender bias, superstitions, illiteracy, dominance by the so-called upper castes, exploitation of the poor people, etc, also prevailed in Indian society.

We find all these social evils in Kanthapura also.

The whole village of Kanthapura is divided into quarters as the barriers in society. The people of the so-called upper castes like Brahmins were not supposed to mingle with the people of the so-called lower castes. If anyone dared to break the social set-up, he or she had to bear the brunt  (face bad consequences). Moorthy is a glaring example of this. He, along with his would-be generations, was excommunicated by the Shashtriji, who lived in a city and ruled over the Brahmins by his dictates.

But, Moorthy did not care for such big sharks of society and continued his efforts to make the people come out of their deep slumber of slavery and join Gandhiji's freedom movement. This was happening not only in Kanthapura but in other Indian villages also. Women also came forward to join hands with men to make India free from the Britishers. In Kanthapura, a women's group was formed to help the freedom fighters.

 Poverty prevailed in most quarters of Indian villages. We do find its reflection in Kanthapura also. Their dresses, food and huts tell the tale of their miserable life. Very few people like postmaster Suryanarayan, Patwari Nanjundia, Sidda, Waterfall Venkamma, Bhatta, and Patel Range Gowda are shown living comfortably in this novel. But the rest of the population of Kanthapura  lives in poverty.

Illiteracy and superstitions were found in any Indian village in those days of the 1930s. We also find illiteracy and superstitions in the people of Kanthapura.

Every village has a place of worship. The people of Kanthapura also had their temple of Kenchamma, their presiding deity. It is said that the goddess Kenchamma had long ago killed a demon and saved the people from his terror. Since then, the goddess has settled there as their saviour from any misfortune or disease. The people of Kanthapura are very religious and they worship their goddess with full faith. They organise ‘kathas’ and fairs to celebrate their festivals.

The condition of the labouring class has also been brought into focus in this novel. The people working at Skeiffington Coffee Estate is a proof of exploitation done to the poor strata of Indian society.

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Thus, on the basis of the above discussion, we may say that Kanthapura represents an Indian village on a micro level.